Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis

Yuri Pivovarenko

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11

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Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis

Yuri Pivovarenko

Published in American Journal of Physical Chemistry (Volume 11, Issue 4)

Received: 13 September 2022 Accepted: 29 September 2022 Published: 11 October 2022

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Abstract

It is generally believed that electroosmosis is comprehensively described by the corresponding Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation. Consequently, this belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still viewed as occurring in a time-invariant aqueous medium characterized by constant viscosity and dielectric permeability. Considering the inevitable chemical and physical changes of electrolytes through which electric currents flow, the correctness of such an acceptation is questionable. In particular, it is unlikely that the viscosity and dielectric permeability of electrolytes, which are part of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis, do not change under the influence of electric currents. This, accordingly, raises the question: exactly what valuesof these parameters should be inserted into the given equation? So, even the specified variability of electrolytes under the action of electric currents immediately calls into question the feasibility of applying of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis. Unfortunately, the formal perfection of this very equation supports belief in its correctness, which masks its unacceptability, first of all – for practitioners. Furthermore, this very belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still perceived as an exclusively electrokinetic phenomenon and, therefore, does not even allow suspecting the involvement of non-electrical forces in it, which is false. In any case, both calculations and experimental results presented here show that the main driving force of typical electroosmosis is gravity. Moreover, the obtained experimental results allow assuming the participation of other non-electrical forcesin electroosmosis. Thus, it is shown here that the main driving forces of electroosmosis are forces of a non-electric nature, and therefore – that electroosmosis should not be perceived as a purely electrokinetic phenomenon. At the same time, attention is paid here both to the granular structure of anolytes and to the filamentary structure of catholytes; accordingly, it is proposed to consider this difference in structures as one of the factors determining the predominant direction of typical electroosmosis. Eventually, the multilayered structure of aqueous salt solutions is demonstrated here. Accordingly, it is proposed to take into account this feature when explaining the movement of water and aqueous solutions, including electroosmotic ones. After all, here it is proposed to agree that the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis contributes to the spread of distorted views of this phenomenon.

Published in	American Journal of Physical Chemistry (Volume 11, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11
Page(s)	85-90
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Electroosmosis, Water, Internal Structure, Surface Tension, Laminarity, Flotation, Double Electric Layer

References

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[2]	Friedrichsberg D. A. Course of colloid chemistry. Leningrad: Chemistry, 1974. 352p. In Russian.
[3]	Mahmoud A., Olivier J., Vaxelaire J. at al. Electrical field: A historical review of its application and contributions in wastewater sludge dewatering. Water Research, 2010, Vol. 44, pp. 2381-2407.
[4]	Maduar S. R., Belyaev A. V., Lobaskin V., Vinogradova O. I. Electrohydrodynamics Near Hydrophobic Surfaces. Physical Review Letters, 2015, Vol. 114, № 11, pp. 118301-118305.
[5]	Raats M. H. M., van Diemen A. J. G., Laven J. at al. Full scale electrokinetic dewatering of waste sludge. Colloids and SurfacesA: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 2002, Vol. 210, pp. 231-241.
[6]	Squires T. M., Bazant M. Z. Induced-charge electro-osmosis. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 2004, Vol. 509, pp. 217-252.
[7]	Curvers D., Maes K. C., Saveyn H. at al. Modelling the electro-osmotically enhanced pressure dewatering of activated sludge. Chemical Engineering Science, 2007, Vol. 62, pp. 2267-2276.
[8]	Jiang H., Weng X., Li D. at al. Microfluidic whole-blood immunoassays. Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, 2011, Vol. 10, pp. 941-964.
[9]	Nekrasov B. V. Basics of general chemistry, Vol. 1. Moscow: Chemistry, 1974. 656p. In Russian.
[10]	Laskowski J. S., Nyamekye G. A. Colloid chemistry of weak electrolyte collectors: the effect of conditioning on flotation with fatty acids. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 1994, Vol. 40, № 3-4, pp. 245-256.
[11]	Wang L., Li C. A Brief Review of Pulp and Froth Rheology in Mineral Flotation. Journal of Chemistry, 2020, pp. 1-16.
[12]	Pivovarenko Y. Potential-Dependent Changes of the Surface Tension of Water. Fluid Mechanics, 2017, Vol. 3, № 4, pp. 29-32.
[13]	Pivovarenko Y. ±Water: Demonstration of water properties, depending on its electrical potential. World Journal of Applied Physics, 2018, Vol. 3, № 1, pp. 13-18.
[14]	Kuchling H. Handbook for physic. Moscow: Mir, 1982. 520p. In Russian.
[15]	Batchelor G. K. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 615p.
[16]	Johnson R. W. Handbook of Fluid Dynamics. Florida (USA): CRC Press, 2016. 1580p.
[17]	Fink D. G., Beaty H. W. Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers (14th Ed.). NY: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000. 656p.
[18]	Wehnelt A. Unterbrecher mit regulierbarer Elektrode. Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1899, Vol. 68. p. 265.
[19]	Simon H. Th. Wiedemann's Annalen der Physik und Chemie, 1899, Vol. 68. p. 273.
[20]	Andreev V. P. (2013) Cytoplasmic electric fields and electroosmosis: possible solution for the paradoxes of the intracellular transport of biomolecules. PLOS ONE, 8 (4), 1-14.

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Yuri Pivovarenko. (2022). Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 11(4), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11

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ACS Style

Yuri Pivovarenko. Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis. Am. J. Phys. Chem. 2022, 11(4), 85-90. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11

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AMA Style

Yuri Pivovarenko. Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis. Am J Phys Chem. 2022;11(4):85-90. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11,
  author = {Yuri Pivovarenko},
  title = {Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis},
  journal = {American Journal of Physical Chemistry},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {85-90},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpc.20221104.11},
  abstract = {It is generally believed that electroosmosis is comprehensively described by the corresponding Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation. Consequently, this belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still viewed as occurring in a time-invariant aqueous medium characterized by constant viscosity and dielectric permeability. Considering the inevitable chemical and physical changes of electrolytes through which electric currents flow, the correctness of such an acceptation is questionable. In particular, it is unlikely that the viscosity and dielectric permeability of electrolytes, which are part of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis, do not change under the influence of electric currents. This, accordingly, raises the question: exactly what valuesof these parameters should be inserted into the given equation? So, even the specified variability of electrolytes under the action of electric currents immediately calls into question the feasibility of applying of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis. Unfortunately, the formal perfection of this very equation supports belief in its correctness, which masks its unacceptability, first of all – for practitioners. Furthermore, this very belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still perceived as an exclusively electrokinetic phenomenon and, therefore, does not even allow suspecting the involvement of non-electrical forces in it, which is false. In any case, both calculations and experimental results presented here show that the main driving force of typical electroosmosis is gravity. Moreover, the obtained experimental results allow assuming the participation of other non-electrical forcesin electroosmosis. Thus, it is shown here that the main driving forces of electroosmosis are forces of a non-electric nature, and therefore – that electroosmosis should not be perceived as a purely electrokinetic phenomenon. At the same time, attention is paid here both to the granular structure of anolytes and to the filamentary structure of catholytes; accordingly, it is proposed to consider this difference in structures as one of the factors determining the predominant direction of typical electroosmosis. Eventually, the multilayered structure of aqueous salt solutions is demonstrated here. Accordingly, it is proposed to take into account this feature when explaining the movement of water and aqueous solutions, including electroosmotic ones. After all, here it is proposed to agree that the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis contributes to the spread of distorted views of this phenomenon.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis
AU  - Yuri Pivovarenko
Y1  - 2022/10/11
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11
T2  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
SP  - 85
EP  - 90
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2449
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11
AB  - It is generally believed that electroosmosis is comprehensively described by the corresponding Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation. Consequently, this belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still viewed as occurring in a time-invariant aqueous medium characterized by constant viscosity and dielectric permeability. Considering the inevitable chemical and physical changes of electrolytes through which electric currents flow, the correctness of such an acceptation is questionable. In particular, it is unlikely that the viscosity and dielectric permeability of electrolytes, which are part of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis, do not change under the influence of electric currents. This, accordingly, raises the question: exactly what valuesof these parameters should be inserted into the given equation? So, even the specified variability of electrolytes under the action of electric currents immediately calls into question the feasibility of applying of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis. Unfortunately, the formal perfection of this very equation supports belief in its correctness, which masks its unacceptability, first of all – for practitioners. Furthermore, this very belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still perceived as an exclusively electrokinetic phenomenon and, therefore, does not even allow suspecting the involvement of non-electrical forces in it, which is false. In any case, both calculations and experimental results presented here show that the main driving force of typical electroosmosis is gravity. Moreover, the obtained experimental results allow assuming the participation of other non-electrical forcesin electroosmosis. Thus, it is shown here that the main driving forces of electroosmosis are forces of a non-electric nature, and therefore – that electroosmosis should not be perceived as a purely electrokinetic phenomenon. At the same time, attention is paid here both to the granular structure of anolytes and to the filamentary structure of catholytes; accordingly, it is proposed to consider this difference in structures as one of the factors determining the predominant direction of typical electroosmosis. Eventually, the multilayered structure of aqueous salt solutions is demonstrated here. Accordingly, it is proposed to take into account this feature when explaining the movement of water and aqueous solutions, including electroosmotic ones. After all, here it is proposed to agree that the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis contributes to the spread of distorted views of this phenomenon.
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Yuri Pivovarenko

Research and Training Centre “Physical and Chemical Materials Science”, Kyiv Taras Shevchenko University/ The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine

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Yuri Pivovarenko. (2022). Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis. American Journal of Physical Chemistry, 11(4), 85-90. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11

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ACS Style

Yuri Pivovarenko. Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis. Am. J. Phys. Chem. 2022, 11(4), 85-90. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11

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AMA Style

Yuri Pivovarenko. Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis. Am J Phys Chem. 2022;11(4):85-90. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11,
  author = {Yuri Pivovarenko},
  title = {Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis},
  journal = {American Journal of Physical Chemistry},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {85-90},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajpc.20221104.11},
  abstract = {It is generally believed that electroosmosis is comprehensively described by the corresponding Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation. Consequently, this belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still viewed as occurring in a time-invariant aqueous medium characterized by constant viscosity and dielectric permeability. Considering the inevitable chemical and physical changes of electrolytes through which electric currents flow, the correctness of such an acceptation is questionable. In particular, it is unlikely that the viscosity and dielectric permeability of electrolytes, which are part of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis, do not change under the influence of electric currents. This, accordingly, raises the question: exactly what valuesof these parameters should be inserted into the given equation? So, even the specified variability of electrolytes under the action of electric currents immediately calls into question the feasibility of applying of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis. Unfortunately, the formal perfection of this very equation supports belief in its correctness, which masks its unacceptability, first of all – for practitioners. Furthermore, this very belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still perceived as an exclusively electrokinetic phenomenon and, therefore, does not even allow suspecting the involvement of non-electrical forces in it, which is false. In any case, both calculations and experimental results presented here show that the main driving force of typical electroosmosis is gravity. Moreover, the obtained experimental results allow assuming the participation of other non-electrical forcesin electroosmosis. Thus, it is shown here that the main driving forces of electroosmosis are forces of a non-electric nature, and therefore – that electroosmosis should not be perceived as a purely electrokinetic phenomenon. At the same time, attention is paid here both to the granular structure of anolytes and to the filamentary structure of catholytes; accordingly, it is proposed to consider this difference in structures as one of the factors determining the predominant direction of typical electroosmosis. Eventually, the multilayered structure of aqueous salt solutions is demonstrated here. Accordingly, it is proposed to take into account this feature when explaining the movement of water and aqueous solutions, including electroosmotic ones. After all, here it is proposed to agree that the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis contributes to the spread of distorted views of this phenomenon.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Gravity and Surface Tension as Driving Forces of Electroosmosis
AU  - Yuri Pivovarenko
Y1  - 2022/10/11
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11
T2  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JF  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
JO  - American Journal of Physical Chemistry
SP  - 85
EP  - 90
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2327-2449
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajpc.20221104.11
AB  - It is generally believed that electroosmosis is comprehensively described by the corresponding Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation. Consequently, this belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still viewed as occurring in a time-invariant aqueous medium characterized by constant viscosity and dielectric permeability. Considering the inevitable chemical and physical changes of electrolytes through which electric currents flow, the correctness of such an acceptation is questionable. In particular, it is unlikely that the viscosity and dielectric permeability of electrolytes, which are part of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis, do not change under the influence of electric currents. This, accordingly, raises the question: exactly what valuesof these parameters should be inserted into the given equation? So, even the specified variability of electrolytes under the action of electric currents immediately calls into question the feasibility of applying of the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis. Unfortunately, the formal perfection of this very equation supports belief in its correctness, which masks its unacceptability, first of all – for practitioners. Furthermore, this very belief has contributed to the fact that electroosmosis is still perceived as an exclusively electrokinetic phenomenon and, therefore, does not even allow suspecting the involvement of non-electrical forces in it, which is false. In any case, both calculations and experimental results presented here show that the main driving force of typical electroosmosis is gravity. Moreover, the obtained experimental results allow assuming the participation of other non-electrical forcesin electroosmosis. Thus, it is shown here that the main driving forces of electroosmosis are forces of a non-electric nature, and therefore – that electroosmosis should not be perceived as a purely electrokinetic phenomenon. At the same time, attention is paid here both to the granular structure of anolytes and to the filamentary structure of catholytes; accordingly, it is proposed to consider this difference in structures as one of the factors determining the predominant direction of typical electroosmosis. Eventually, the multilayered structure of aqueous salt solutions is demonstrated here. Accordingly, it is proposed to take into account this feature when explaining the movement of water and aqueous solutions, including electroosmotic ones. After all, here it is proposed to agree that the Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation for electroosmosis contributes to the spread of distorted views of this phenomenon.
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
ER  -

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