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Interactions of Binary Mixtures of 1-Methyl-3-Phenylimidazolium Iodide [MPhlm][l] and Isopropyl Alcohol [C3H8O] at Varying Temperatures
Victoria Bennett,
Nimibofa Ayawei
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
45-51
Received:
9 July 2022
Accepted:
8 August 2022
Published:
17 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpc.20221103.11
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Abstract: In potential engineering and process design applications of binary mixtures containing ionic liquids (ILs), the accurate determination of the physiochemical properties plays a pertinent role. Thermodynamic studies can provide an understanding into the nature of intermolecular interactions occurring between the solute and solvent in solutions. To this effect, thermodynamic properties of binary mixtures of 1-Methyl-3-Phenylimidazolium Iodide [MPhlM][l] + Isopropyl Alcohol [C3H8O] have been studied over the concentration range of mole fraction 0–1. Density and viscosity of the pure ionic liquid (IL) and the binary systems were measured and calculated. These data have been used to calculate excess molar volumes, VmE, Excess viscosity, Δη, excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow, ∆G*E of each component in the mixtures. To derive the binary coefficients and the standard deviations, the results were fitted into the Redlich-Kister Polynomial equation. The experimental and calculated quantities were used to study the nature of intermolecular interactions between the binary mixtures of 1-Methyl-3-Phenylimidazolium Iodide [MPhlM][l] + Isopropyl Alcohol [C3H8O]. Several factors were discovered to have influenced the interactions. Positive excess molar volume (VmE) values reported were influenced by dipole-dipole and dipole-dipole induced interactions between unlike molecules, resulting in the contraction of the molar volumes of the mixtures. The viscosities were correlated with single parameter Grungberg-Nissan, Hind, Frenkel and Kendel- Monroe models.
Abstract: In potential engineering and process design applications of binary mixtures containing ionic liquids (ILs), the accurate determination of the physiochemical properties plays a pertinent role. Thermodynamic studies can provide an understanding into the nature of intermolecular interactions occurring between the solute and solvent in solutions. To th...
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Contribution of Geoelectricity and Remote Sensing to Study the Basement Fractured Zones in the Bandjoun Region (Cameroon)
Ferdinan Nzouemou,
Eric Ndikum Ndoh,
Oumarou Sanda,
Tabod Charles Tabod,
Richard Arnaud Yossa Kamsi
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
52-66
Received:
28 June 2022
Accepted:
18 July 2022
Published:
29 August 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpc.20221103.12
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Abstract: The main source of drinking water for the rural population in the locality of Bandjoun, in the koung-khi division (West Region of Cameroon) is groundwater. The increase in population combined with the difficult environmental conditions of the division have increased the water shortages. This study aims to use geophysical techniques to identify areas with high groundwater potential. The methodology adopted includes the processing of radar (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) and optical (Land Satellite Operational Land Imager) satellite data which made it possible to study the parameters of the environment. Furthermore, informtion from terrain parameters such as blurring was extracted and used to produce the fracturing map. Using these techniques, it has been shown that Bandjoun have two types of aquifers, namely: surface aquifers (0 to 15 m of depth) and deep aquifers (20 m to 50 m of depth). Several parameters were recorded and interpreted on the physicochemical and water level: temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, TDS, Na+, K+, Ca++, Mg++, CI-, HCO3- and Fe+++, the concentrations are classified as follows: HCO3- > Ca++ > CI- > Mg++ > Na+ > Fe+++ > K+. Fractured zones are potentially aquifers environments and the productivity of these deep aquifers depends in part on the nature of the geological facies and their mineralogy. It appears that groundwater is chemically unsuitable for human consumption.
Abstract: The main source of drinking water for the rural population in the locality of Bandjoun, in the koung-khi division (West Region of Cameroon) is groundwater. The increase in population combined with the difficult environmental conditions of the division have increased the water shortages. This study aims to use geophysical techniques to identify area...
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New Kinetic Equations for Spin-Dependent Recombination of Radical Pairs and Their Comparison with Existing Phenomenological Equations
Kev Minullinovich Salikhov
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
67-74
Received:
13 August 2022
Accepted:
30 August 2022
Published:
8 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpc.20221103.13
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Abstract: For the first time, well-founded new kinetic equations for the density matrix of an ensemble of non-interacting radical pairs (RPs) are derived considering their spin-dependent recombination. Recombination of RP is considered as a quasi-unimolecular process. Similar to Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory of unimolecular reactions it is suggested that there is stochastic Poisson process which provides randomly chances for recombination. Those chances appear independent of a spin state of RPs. Whether the chance to recombine will be realized or not depends on the state of the spins of the unpaired electrons of the RPs. For this model the spin density matrix r(t) can be represented as the product of the RP density matrix (hypothetical pair) r0(t), in which the recombination of radicals is not included, and the probability f(t) that the RP in the time interval (0, t) survived, i.e. did not recombine: r(t)=f(t) r0(t). In this work, new kinetic equations for f(t) and r(t) are derived. The equation for f(t) gives in fact kinetic equations for the concentration of RPs. The basic equations are obtained for the situation when all RPs of the ensemble start in the same pure quantum state. The obtained kinetic equations are generalized to the case when the initial state of the system is mixed. For some set of parameters of RPs, results of new kinetic equations presented in this work were compared with results of existing phenomenological kinetic equations. While they correspond qualitatively, there is significant quantitative difference.
Abstract: For the first time, well-founded new kinetic equations for the density matrix of an ensemble of non-interacting radical pairs (RPs) are derived considering their spin-dependent recombination. Recombination of RP is considered as a quasi-unimolecular process. Similar to Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) theory of unimolecular reactions it is sugg...
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Health Assessment of the Physico-chemical Quality Treated Water of the City of Nouakchott
Lalla Sidi Mohamed Tablenkou,
Brahim Ahmed Dick,
Mohamed Bouna Ammar,
Yahya Maham Ould Sidi,
Mohamed Fekhaoui
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
75-77
Received:
5 October 2021
Accepted:
7 September 2022
Published:
28 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpc.20221103.14
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Abstract: Follow the physicochemical quality of treated water from the city of Nouakchott, capital of Mauritania, which plays a very important role as the main source of drinking water in the Nouakchott area, we made a sample every two months Sites: Water treated with the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of the processing station and consumer castle in Nouakchott between 08/2018 and 09/2019. The results of the analysis of the physicochemical parameters of treated water in the city of Nouakchott presented in this work have shown that the pH is close to neutrality (7.85), the average conductivity is 130 µs/cm. Average hardness values, calcium ions, magnesium, chloride, sulfate, sodium and potassium are 5.1 ° F, 14 mg/l, 3.1 mg/l, 22.1 mg/l, 7 mg/L and 2 mg/L. Regarding nitrogen compounds, content in nitrates, nitrite and ammonium is 0.60 mg/l, 0.005 mg/l and 0.04 mg respectively respectively/L, these values are much lower values to the standard of drinking water. Regarding turbidity, total chlorine, chlorine chlorine and aluminum are very low and are respectively 2.34 NTU, 0.50 mg/l, 0.45 mg/l and 0.06 mg/L. The values of physicochemical parameters show that surface water supplying the city of Nouakchott are classified as excellent.
Abstract: Follow the physicochemical quality of treated water from the city of Nouakchott, capital of Mauritania, which plays a very important role as the main source of drinking water in the Nouakchott area, we made a sample every two months Sites: Water treated with the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of the release of t...
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Study of the Synthesis of Activated Carbon from Brewery Grains: Application to the Removal of the Cationic Dye Methylene Blue
Samadou Sanni,
Ibrahim Tchakala,
Clement Kolawole Balogoun,
Tomkouani Kodom,
Moctar Limam Bawa
Issue:
Volume 11, Issue 3, September 2022
Pages:
78-84
Received:
24 July 2022
Accepted:
25 September 2022
Published:
28 September 2022
DOI:
10.11648/j.ajpc.20221103.15
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Abstract: The aim of this work is the synthesis of actived carbon optimized from the brewery's residue by a simple pyrolysis process preceded by a chemical impregnation with phosphoric acid. The activated carbon obtained coded CA-D has been applied for the removal of to the cationic dye (methylen blue). With a good mass yield of 77.7%, the iodine and methylene blue index tests on CA-D are 987.9 mg/g and 658.4 mg/g, respectively. The CA-D surface functions have more acidic chemical functions (6.4 meq/g) than basic functions (1.6 meq/g) with a pH at zero charge point to 4.3. The methylene blue adsorption tests on CA-D showed that equilibrium was established after 90 minutes. The influence of parameters such as adsorbent mass, pH and the initial pollutant solution concentration were studied to determine the best adsorption conditions of methylene blue dye on CA-D. The maximum removal rate (99%) of methylene blue is obtained at a basic pH of 8 with a mass of 0.3g of CA-D. The kinetic model of pseudo-second gives a better description of the kinetics of the BM adsorption reaction on CA-D with a correlation coefficient close to 1 (R² = 0.99) and a large approximation of the theoretical (50.35 mg/g) and experimental (49.63 mg/g) adsorption capacity. The studies on adsorption isotherms show that the H-type isotherm (Freundlich isotherm) is better adapted but is also similar to the L-type (Langmuir isotherm). CA-D could then be an alternative adsorbent for the removal dyes from water.
Abstract: The aim of this work is the synthesis of actived carbon optimized from the brewery's residue by a simple pyrolysis process preceded by a chemical impregnation with phosphoric acid. The activated carbon obtained coded CA-D has been applied for the removal of to the cationic dye (methylen blue). With a good mass yield of 77.7%, the iodine and methyle...
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